| Step | Action | Details | |------|--------|---------| | 1 | | 1 teaspoon (5 mL) in adults, mixed with a fat (e.g., castor oil, honey, or coconut oil). | | 2 | Frequency | Once daily for 3–5 days, then a 2-day break; repeat for 2–3 weeks for parasites. | | 3 | Application | Taken on an empty stomach, 30 min before food. | | 4 | Topical use | Mixed with coconut oil (1:4 ratio) for skin fungus, warts, or ringworm. |
| Adverse Effect | Details | |----------------|---------| | | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody stools. | | Renal toxicity | Turpentine is a known nephrotoxin; hematuria and proteinuria reported. | | Neurological | Headache, confusion, ataxia, convulsions (especially in children). | | Respiratory | Pulmonary aspiration can cause chemical pneumonitis (fatal). | | Lethal dose | Ingested dose of 15–30 mL (1–2 tbsp) has caused death in children. | jennifer daniels turpentine