The quasar’s intense radiation and stellar winds from the starburst accelerate gas outward at speeds of up to (1.5 million mph). This outflow removes over 1,000 solar masses of gas every year —more than ten times the star formation rate.
Markarian 231 (Mrk 231) is one of the most fascinating and intensely studied objects in the modern sky. Located approximately 600 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major (the Great Bear), this object is not a typical galaxy. It is the nearest ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) to Earth and hosts one of the most energetic outflows ever observed from a quasar. markarian 231
Discovered on photographic plates by the Armenian astrophysicist in 1969 as part of his survey of galaxies with excessive ultraviolet radiation, Mrk 231 has since become a cosmic laboratory for understanding galactic collisions, supermassive black hole growth, and the dramatic termination of star formation. A Galaxy in Pieces: The Collision Remnant At first glance, Markarian 231 appears as a peculiar, single spiral galaxy. However, detailed imaging reveals a complex system shaped by a violent merger . Astronomers believe that Mrk 231 is the result of two galaxies colliding and fusing approximately one billion years ago. The quasar’s intense radiation and stellar winds from
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