| Model | Description | Pros | Cons | |-------|-------------|------|------| | | Students build a portfolio over time; standardized rubrics applied by teachers. | Reduces test stress; shows growth. | Time-consuming; requires moderation. | | Moderated teacher grades | External teachers review a sample of grades per school (like in Finland). | Maintains teacher autonomy + comparability. | Expensive; requires trust. | | Low-stakes sampling tests | A representative sample of students takes tests for system monitoring only (not individual grades). | Provides national data without student pressure. | No individual grade anchor. | | Voluntary national tests | Schools opt in; results used for self-evaluation. | Flexibility. | Could increase inequality between schools. |