The Protestant Reformation did not abolish this category; it intensified it. Martin Luther and John Calvin both denounced simple fornication, but the new civic authorities merged church courts into secular ones. In Geneva, Calvin’s consistory worked with the city council to punish fornication with imprisonment and banishment for repeat offenders. In colonial Massachusetts, the 1641 Body of Liberties declared that "uncleanness" including simple fornication be punished, though typically by requiring the couple to marry or face a fine.
By the 18th century, however, Enlightenment legal thinkers began questioning the state’s interest in consensual, private acts between unmarried adults. William Blackstone, the great English jurist, noted that simple fornication was "only cognizable by the ecclesiastical courts," implying that civil law had little stake in it unless it produced a bastard child who might become a public charge. While the definition was gender-neutral in theory, the enforcement of simple fornication laws was brutally gendered. Single mothers bore the brunt of public shame, fines, and imprisonment. Paternity suits forced women to name their partners under oath, but men often received lighter sentences or escaped entirely. The "simple" act became complex when a pregnancy revealed it. simple fornication
Moreover, these laws served as a tool of class discipline. The diaries of colonial Virginia planters reveal that while servants and slaves were prosecuted for fornication, the gentry's premarital or extramarital affairs were ignored or quietly settled. Simple fornication was thus a crime of the poor, a mechanism to enforce moral standards on those without property or political protection. Today, "simple fornication" is a dead phrase in Western law. The last prosecutions in the United States occurred in the 1980s, and states like Georgia (2003) and Virginia (2005) formally repealed their fornication statutes. The reasons are rooted in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which established a constitutional right to privacy in marital relations, and Lawrence v. Texas (2003), which extended that right to consenting adults regardless of the gender or marital status. The Protestant Reformation did not abolish this category;